What are the two types of calcaneal fractures?

• A. Compression and Avulsion
• B. Open and Closed
• C. Vertical and Horizontal
• D. Simple and Complex

Answer: (A)

Calcaneal fractures, commonly referred to as heel bone fractures, primarily occur due to high-energy trauma, such as falls from heights or vehicular accidents. The two main types of calcaneal fractures are compression fractures and avulsion fractures.

Compression fractures occur when the bone is subjected to a compressive force that leads to a reduction in its height or a "squashing" effect. In the case of the calcaneus, this type of fracture typically results from axial loading when the body weight is applied downward, causing the bone to collapse. This type of fracture can often involve the subtalar joint, impacting the foot's mechanics and functionality.

On the other hand, avulsion fractures happen when a fragment of bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament that is attached to it. For the calcaneus, this can occur when the Achilles tendon exerts force, pulling a small piece of bone away from the main structure during activities such as jumping or sudden changes in movement.

Understanding these two types of fractures is essential in guiding treatment options and rehabilitation strategies, as they can significantly affect a patient’s recovery and functional outcomes. The other options, while relevant to various types of fractures in general, do not specifically categorize the types of calcaneal